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37
JoSS :
Journal of Social Science
JAVANESE PHONOLOGY VARIATON OF CIREBON DIALECT
AT DAWUAN VILLAGE
Utami Rosalina
1
, Juwintan
2
, Yosi Ayu Pratiwi
3
Invada Language and Education Institute Cirebon, Indonesia
123
utamiroslina@stkipinvada.ac.id
KEYWORDS
Phonological
Variation; Cirebon
Dialect,Javanese
Language
ARTICLE INFO
Accepted:
8 September 2022
Revised:
9 September 2022
Approved:
12 september 2022
ABSTRACT
This research focused on language variations that used by the people
of Dawuan Village,Sub-District of Cirebon Regency. This research
aimed to described kinds of phonemes variations of Cirebon dialect
by the people of Dawuan Village.This research used descriptive
qualitative method. The writer used data collections method through
direct observation and interview by the people of Dawuan Village as
much as 18 people from 12 to 65 years old both women and men.The
result showed that there are 111 phonological variations in the form
of variations vowels phonemes (56), variations vowels – consonant
phonemes (2), and variations of consonant phonemes (53) at Dawuan
Village. This result obtained by using 207 words Swadesh List and
169 additional words submitted as questions to the local people.
INTRODUCTION
Language variation is a variety of languages caused by different regions, different social
groups or circumstances, language situations and different levels of formality, different years
and times. Some experts classify language variations differently.According to Chair cited in
,classifies language variations based on variations in terms of speakers (idiolects, dialect,
chronolect, and sociolect),variations in terms of usage (areas of use, style, level of formality,
and means of use), variations in terms of formality (frozen variations, official rules, casual,
business,and intimate variety), and variations in terms of means (verbal or written
variations).(utami Durahman, Sofiyani, Pratiwi, & Setiani, 2019)Chaer cited stated that dialect
is a language variation of certain speakers that different from one area to another.(Nesti,
2016)Then according to dialects are divided into two namely regional dialects and social
dialects.(Lalira, 2016)Regional dialects are dialects based on geographical location while social
dialects come from social groups and are related to various factors such as social class, religion,
and ethnicity. In this research the focus of research on geographic dialects related to the
geography of the two places.(Juwintan & Dewi, 2021)Geographic dialect research cannot be
separated from mapping or mapping data so that the research is visible Language dialect has
several levels, as explained by Guiraud cited in, there are five kinds of differences or variations
namely: phonological differences, semantic differences,Onomasiology difference,
Semasiologically differences,Morphological differences.Phonological variation is a variation of
language found in the field of phonology, which includes variations in sound and phoneme
variations.The phonological variation that appears in the observation consists of the phoneme’s
changes,additions,and deletions or shortening of both consonant and vowel phonemes.
According to phonemes are the sound of language that can function to distinguish the meaning
Vol 1 No 1, September,2022
p- ISSN 2963-1866- e-ISSN 2963-8909
Vol 1, No 1 September,2022
Javanese Phonology Variaton Of Cirebon Dialect At
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38
of words.(Hp & Abdullah, 2012)The determination of the meaning of basic words in Javanese
refers to the Cirebon Language Dictionary.(Ayatrohaedi, 1979)Same with Javanese standard,
Juwintan states that cirebon language is also lexically as well as morphology can be classified
into neutral variety speech, ngoko, krama and krama inggi Cirebon dialect has phonological
variations itself, according to ,the sound system in Cirebon language consists of 20 consonant
phonemes and 6 vocal phonemes, there are: a, i, u, e, o, ê, ha, na, ca, ra, ka, da, ta, sa, wa, la, pa,
dha, ja, ya, nya, ma, ga, ba, tha, nga. The kinds of phoneme variations by Salana (2002: 8-11)
divided into 3 variations there are:variations of vowel phonemes in the forms of [a] be spoken
[e], [s] not spoken, [ia] be spoken e, [ua] be spoken o, [ua] becomes wan, [ia] be spoken ya, [i]
not spoken, [ê] not spoken,,variations of vowel-consonant phonemes in the forms of Kêpriye
‘how’ in spoken language often turns into kêpriyen, kêprijen, kêpriben, kêpriwen, kêprimen, but
does not change the meaning, Iki become kiyen, kiwin, Ika become kahên, kawên, and Iku
become kuwêh, kuwun, and 3) variations of consonant phonemes in the forms of [b] – [g], [b]
– [w], [p] – [m], [w] – [n], [s] – [ny], [ka] – [ng], [c] – [ny], [n] – [n], [ra] – [la], and [ka] – [ra].
METHOD RESEARCH
This research used a descriptive qualitative research,a qualitative research method may
be a method supported the philosophy of post positivism, want to examine the natural
conditions of objects, (as against experiments) where researchers are as key
instruments,(Salana, 2002)the sampling of data sources is done by purpose and
snowball.(Juwintan & Dewi, 2021)(Ramadhani & Munandar, 2015)The data are collected
from the selected informant, in this case as the native speaker of Javanese speakers at Dawuan
village,(Sudjana, 2015)Cirebon Language Dictionary by (Sudjana, 2015) and phonological
variations in Cirebon dialect by (Salana, 2002). The writer used a direct observation and
interview to collect data, then displayed descriptively.(Sugiyono, 2013)The instrument used to
collect the data are 207 basic words in Swadesh list and 169 additional words.(Wardhaugh &
Fuller, 2021)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The writer uses 207 basic vocabulary list by Morish Swadesh and 169 additional words
found 111 phonological variations and 265 different words used by the people of Dawuan
village.According to Salana theory,kinds of phoneme variations in Cirebon dialect has three
variations (2002: 8–11),there are: variations of vowel phonemes(Abeditehrani, Dijk,
Neyshabouri, & Arntz, 2021), variations of vowel- consonant phonemes, and variations of
consonants phonemes.All of variations found in this research, it will be explained below:
1.
The variations of vowel phonemes
Salana (2002: 8-9) divided into 8 variations, but in this research the writer found 6 variation
phonemes and 3 new variations vowel phonemes. It can be seen below:
a. [a] be spoken [e]
The writer found 6 phonologically different words in the form of variation of vowel
phonemes [a] be spoken [e]. Those word are displayed in the table below:
Javanese Phonology Variaton Of Cirebon
Dialect At Dawuan Village
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39
Table 4.1 The variations of vowel phoneme [a] be spoken [e]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Kiwa
Kiwe
Left
2.
Sawindu
Sêwindu
One windu
3.
Sabengkêt
Sêbêngkêt
A Bunch
4.
Manusa
Menuso
Man (human being)
5.
Sakiên
Sekiên
Now
6.
Nganggo
Ngenggo
Use
a. [s] not spoken
The writer found 3 phonologically different words in the form of variation of vowel
phonemes [s] not spoken. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.2 The variations of vowel phoneme [s] not spoken
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Sawiji
Siji
One
2.
Saatus
Satus
Hundred
3.
Sekiki
Kiki
Tomorrow
[ia] be spoken [e]
The writer only found 1 phonologically different word in the form of variation of vowel
phonemes [ia] be spoken [e]. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.3 The variations of vowel phoneme [ia] be spoken [e]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Kalian
Kalen
Trench
b. [ua] becomes [wan]
The writer found 2 phonologically different words in the form of variation of vowel
phonemes [ua] becomes [wan]. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.4 The variations of vowel phoneme [ua] be spoken [wan]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Sato
Satowan
Animal
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2.
Sêpatuan
Sêpatuwan
Wear shoes
c. [ia] be spoken ya
The writer only found 1 phonologically different word in the form of variation of vowel
phonemes [ia] be spoken [ya].Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.5 The variations of vowel phoneme [ia] be spoken [ya]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Topian
Topiyan
Wear a hat
d. [ê] not spoken
The writer found 6 phonologically different words in the form of variation of vowel
phonemes [ê] not spoken. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.6 The variations of vowel phoneme [e] not spoken
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Sêrêbet
Sêrbet
Napkin
2.
Kêlêlêp
Klêlêp
Sink down
3.
Kalengêr/kêlenger
Klênger
Fainted
4.
Cêrecet
Crecet
Handkerchief
5.
Kêlalên
Klalên
Forget
6.
Têrampil
Trampil
Ingenious
e. [a] be spoken [o]
The writer found 35 phonologically different words in the form of variation of vowel
phonemes [a] be spoken [o]. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.7 The variations of vowel phoneme [a] be spoken [o]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Ira/sira
Iro/siro
You (singular)
2.
Kita
Kito
We
3.
Kita
Kito
You (plural)
4.
Ning kana
Ning kono
There
5.
Sapa
Sapo
Who
6.
Apa
Apo
What
7.
lima
Limo
Five
8.
Dawa
Dawo
Long
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9.
Amba
Ambo
Wide
10.
Tuma
Tumo
Louse
11.
Ula
Ulo
Snake
12.
Mata
Mato
Eye
13.
Têka
Têko
Come
14.
Tiba
Tibo
Fall
15.
Ngumbah
Ngumboh
Wash
16.
Uyah
Uyoh
Salt
17.
Mega
Mego
Cloud
18.
Dina
Dino
Day
19.
Bapa
Bapo
Father
20.
Rayaan
Rayoan
Eid
21.
Napa
Napo
Why
22.
Langka
Langko
Nothing
23.
Kemana
Kemano
There
24.
Lunga
Lungo
Go
25.
Aja
Ajo
Do not
26.
Jaba
Jabo
Outside
27.
Sepira
Sepiro
As much as
28.
Ana
Ano
Exist
29.
Umah
Umoh
House
30.
Pada
Pado
Same
31.
Papah
Papoh
Bark (of a tree)
32.
Manusa
Menuso
Man (human being)
33.
Apajare
Apojare
Surrendered
34.
Mutah
Muto
Vomit
35.
Sêgara
Sêgaro
Sea
f. [i] be spoken [e]
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The writer only found 1 phonologically different word in the form of variation of vowel
phonemes [i] be spoken [e]. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.8 The variations of vowel phoneme [i] be spoken [e]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Cindêk
Cendêk
Short
g. [ê] be spoken [u]
The writer only found 1 phonologically different word in the form of variation of vowel
phonemes [ê] be spoken [u]. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.9 The variations of vowel phoneme [ê] be spoken [u]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Sukêt
Sukut
Grass
2.
The variations of vowel – consonant phonemes
Salana (2002: 9-10) divided into 4 variations, but in this research the writer found 2
phonemes variation. It will be explained below:
1)
Kêpriye become kêpriben
The writer found 1 phonologically different word in the form of variation of vowel -
consonant phonemes, the word Kêpriye become kêpriben. Those words are displayed in the
table below:
Table 4.10 The variations of vowel – consonant phoneme Kêpriye become
kêpriben
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Kêpriye
Kepriben
How
2)
Iki become kiyen
The writer found 1 phonologically different word in the form of variation of vowel -
consonant phonemes, the word Iki become kiyen, kiwin. Those words are displayed in the
table below:
Table 4.11 The variations of vowel – consonant phoneme Iki become kiyen
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Iki
Kiyen
This
3.
The variations of consonant phonemes
Salana (2002: 10-11) divided into 10 variation, but in this research the writer found 7
phonemes variation and 12 new variations consonant phonemes. It will be explained below:
a) [b] – [g]
The writer only found 1 phonologically different word in the form of variation of
consonant phonemes [b] be spoken with [g]. Those words are displayed in the table below:
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Table 4.12 The variations of consonant phoneme [b] be spoken [g]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Mlêbok
Mlêgok
Turn (intransitive)
[p] – [m]
The writer found 3 phonologically different words in the form of variation of consonant
phonemes [p] be spoken with [m]. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.13 The variations of consonant phoneme [p] be spoken [m]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Pikir
Mikir
Think
2.
Pukul
Mukul
Hit
3.
Pangan
Mangan
Eat
[w] – [m]
The writer found 2 phonologically different words in the form of variation of consonant
phonemes [w] be spoken with [m]. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.14 The variations of consonant phoneme [w] be spoken [m]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Waca
Maca
Read
2.
Wêteng
Mêtêng
Pregnant
[s] – [ny]
The writer found 3 phonologically different words in the form of variation of consonant
phonemes [s] be spoken with [ny]. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.15 The variations of consonant phoneme [s] be spoken [ny]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Sewot
Nyewot
Angry
2.
Sapu
Nyapu
Sweeping
3.
Sawah
Nyawah
Working on the field
[ka] – [ng]
The writer found 3 phonologically different words in the form of variation of consonant
phonemes [ka] be spoken with [ng]. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Javanese Phonology Variaton Of Cirebon Dialect At Dawuan
Village
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Table 4.16 The variations of consonant phoneme [ka] be spoken [ng]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Kêpus
Ngêpus
Blow
2.
Kukur
Ngukuri
Scratch
3.
Kongkon
Ngongkon
Order
[c] – [ny]
The writer only found 1 phonologically different word in the form of variation of
consonant phonemes [c] be spoken with [ny]. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.17 The variations of consonant phoneme [c] be spoken [ny]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
Cokot
Nyokot
Bite
[t] – [n]
The writer found 7 phonologically different words in the form of variation of consonant
phonemes [t] be spoken with [n]. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.18 The variations of consonant phoneme [t] be spoken [n]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Tembang
Nembang
Sing
2.
Tugel
Nugel
Cut
3.
Tarik
Narik
Pull
4.
Têmbe
Nêmbe
Newly
5.
Tulis
Nulis
Write
6.
Takon
Nakon
Ask
7.
Tusuk
Nusuk
Pierce
[t] – [d]
The writer only found 1 phonologically different word in the form of variation of
consonant phonemes [t] be spoken with [d].Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.19 The variations of consonant phoneme [t] be spoken [d]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Gulêt
Gulêd
Fight
[k] – [w]
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The writer only found 1 phonologically different word in the form of variation of
consonant phonemes [k] be spoken with [w]. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.20 The variations of consonant phoneme [k] be spoken [w]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Kêdhuk/ngêdhuk
Wêdhuk
Dig
[b] – [w]
The writer only found 1 phonologically different word in the form of variation of
consonant phonemes [b] be spoken with [w]. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.21 The variations of consonant phoneme [b] be spoken [w]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Abu
Awu
Ash
[t] – [k]
The writer only found 1 phonologically different word in the form of variation of
consonant phonemes [t] be spoken with [k].Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.22 The variations of consonant phoneme [t] be spoken [k]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Kêbêt
Kêbêk
Full
[m] – [p]
The writer only found 1 phonologically different word in the form of variation of
consonant phonemes [m] be spoken with [p]. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.23 The variations of consonant phoneme [m] be spoken [p]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Mêrês
Pêrês
Squeeze
[h] not spoken
The writer found 21 phonologically different words in the form of variation of
consonant phonemes [h] not spoken. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.24 The variations of consonant phoneme [h] not spoken
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Getih
Geti
Blood
2.
Êndhog
Êndog
Egg
3.
Êndhas
Êndas
Head
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4.
Jahit
Jait
Sew
5.
Hijo
Ijo
Green
6.
Adoh
Ado
Far
7.
Adhi
Adi
Sister
8.
Wêdhus
Wêdus
Goat
9.
Jariji/Jêrijih
Jêriji
Finger
10.
Kudhung
Kudung
Veil
11.
Kodhok
Kodok
Frog
12.
Bêdhug
Bêdug
Noon time
13.
Nyilih
Nyili
Borrow
14.
Tanghi
Tangi
Wake up
15.
Mêdhit
Mêdit
Stingy
16.
Kabeh
Kabe
Semua
17.
Akeh
Ake
Banyak
18.
Gêtih
Gêti
Lemak
19.
Kêdhuk/ngêdhuk
Kêduk
All
20.
Putih
Puti
White
21.
Mutah
Muto
Vomit
[w] not spoken
The writer found 2 phonologically different words in the form of variation of consonant
phonemes [w] not spoken. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.25 The variations of consonant phoneme [w] not spoken
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Wulan
Ulan
Moon
2.
Duwê
Duê
Have
[n] – [ny]
The writer only found 1 phonologically different word in the form of variation of
consonant phonemes [n] be spoken with [ny]. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.26 The variations of consonant phoneme [n] be spoken [ny]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
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1.
Banu
Banyu
Water
[d] – [t]
The writer only found 1 phonologically different word in the form of variation of
consonant phonemes [d] be spoken with [t]. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.27 The variations of consonant phoneme [d] be spoken [t]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Cacad
Cacat
Disable
[g] –[b]
The writer only found 1 phonologically different word in the form of variation of
consonant phonemes [g] be spoken with [b].Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.28 The variations of consonant phoneme [g] be spoken [b]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Guri
Buri
Back
[j] – [k]
The writer only found 1 phonologically different word in the form of variation of vowel
phonemes [j] be spoken with [k]. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.29 The variations of consonant phoneme [j] be spoken [k]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Jêndelo
Kêndelo
Window
[n] be spoken [en]
The writer only found 1 phonologically different word in the form of variation of vowel
phonemes [n] be spoken [en]. Those words are displayed in the table below:
Table 4.30 The variations of consonant phoneme [n] be spoken [en]
No.
Standard Cirebon dialect
Dawuan dialect
Meaning
1.
Ndi
Endi
Where
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of this research, the writer took the data around 376 words that
consists of 207 basic vocabularies by Swadesh and 169 additional words summitted to
informants. From 376 data, the writer only found 111 phonological variations in the form of
variations vowels phonemes, variations vowels - consonants phonemes, and variations
consonant phonemes.From 111 phonological variations, the writer only found 56 word that
have variations vowels phonemes. The variations vowels phoneme that found divided into the
types by Salana (2002) and new variations. The types of variations phonemes by Salana (2002),
Javanese Phonology Variaton Of Cirebon Dialect At Dawuan
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the writer found 6 variation phonemes from 8 variations and 3 new variation phonemes. In the
variations of vowels – consonants phonemes, the writer only found 2 variations, that is included
4 types of variations of vowels – consonant phoneme by Salana (2002). The writer only found
53 variations of consonant phonemes from 111 phonological variations. The variations
consonant phoneme that found divided into the types by Salana (2002) as much as 7 variations
phoneme from 10 variations and 12 new variations phonemes.Based on the explanations of the
conclusions above, from 2002 that Salana mention in his book until now, there are any
development of phonological variations. Variation vowel phoneme from 8 variations that
mention by Salana (2002) to 11 variations that found by the writer. Variation consonant
phoneme from 10 variations that mention by Salana (2002) to 22 variations that found by the
writer.
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Utami Rosalina, Juwintan, Yosi Ayu Pratiwi (2022)
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JoSS - Journal of Social Science
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