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JoSS :
Journal of Social Science
EFEKTIVITAS KEBIJAKAN: STUDI KERJASAMA
PERTAHANAN INDONESIA-TIONGKOK
Agus Purwo Wicaksono
STIE Tunas Nusantara, Indonesia
aguspurwodr@gmail.com
KEYWORDS
defense cooperation
policy, benefits,
implications, military
preparedness.
ARTICLE INFO
Accepted:
20 November 2022
Revised:
28 November 2022
Approved:
29 November 2022
ABSTRACT
Each country carries out defense cooperation with different levels of
commitment. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence KPIT
in increasing the readiness of the Indonesian military. As a follow-up, the
Indonesian government, in this case the Ministry of Defense, has
implemented regulatory and allocative actions. Several rules have been
published, socialized, controlled and supervised. The appointment of
officials has been carried out and supported by existing resources, so that
all activities according to the agreement of the two countries have been
carried out. Defense cooperation is hypothesized to be useful and has
implications for military preparedness even though it is influenced by the
strategic environment. Primary data was collected through a survey of 95
people who had participated in KPIT activities, interviews and focus
group discussions with competent parties. Secondary data obtained from
various documents. The collected data were analyzed using a qualitative
approach supported by quantitative data. The results of the analysis show
that KPIT activities have very little impact on military preparedness in
Indonesia. However, these activities are very beneficial for the actors and
have huge implications for individual alertness. This study also found that
KPIT activities contributed to increasing Indonesia's national strength
through military preparedness. Exchange of information and the defense
industry can improve the quality of organization, doctrine, policies,
military education curricula, transfer of defense equipment technology,
including the possibility of joint production. Joint military exercises can
improve anti-terror capabilities, military self-defence, hostage release,
and others.
INTRODUCTION
World peace is an important issue in efforts to achieve security and human peace
within a country. On October 24, 1945, the United Nations, in the framework of realizing
world peace, signed a charter which was carried out by the majority of member countries,
including the five permanent members of the Security Council. .Stability, both in a particular
region or region or internationally or throughout the world, is a common interest for countries
in the world and in the region (Winansih, Antariksa, Surjono, & Leksono, 2016).
One of the elements that also influences various efforts for peace and stability both
regionally and internationally is the ability of a nation or national strength to utilize all aspects
of its resources. To meet national needs and interests, each country needs to establish
cooperative relations with other countries, including defense sector so that national goals can
be fulfilled (Wicaksono, Margallo, Breedveld, French, & Dankelman, 2009).
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Defense cooperation has been carried out by almost all countries around the world. Various
forms of multilateral defense cooperation have been carried out by many countries in the world,
such as SEATO (South East Asia Treaty Organization), ANZUS (Australia, New Zeland, and
United States), NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), CENTO (Central Treaty
Organization), otherwise known as the Baghdad Pact, or the Warsaw Pact (Venkatesh Mane,
Kiran, & Sanjay Eligar, 2015).
After carrying out defense cooperation with China, at least Indonesia will receive
contributions in the framework of increasing national strength through military preparedness.
These contributions are first, Indonesia will obtain institutional information that is very
important for the development of national strength, especially in the fields of organization,
doctrine and policies. Second, Indonesia can obtain information on the latest military education
curriculum developments (Swastanto, Pedrason, Kurniawan, & Arif, 2018). Third, Indonesia
can transfer technology in the development of defense equipment, including studying the
possibility of joint production.
Fourth, by conducting joint exercises, it is very possible that the Indonesian military will
be able to increase its capabilities in various fields such as anti-terror, military self-defence,
hostage release and others (Sudiyono, 2017). Thus, national strength will increase along with
improving the quality of organization, doctrine, policies and curriculum. military education.
National strength will also increase through military readiness by transferring defense
equipment technology, modernizing governance and leadership, and increasing military
capabilities.
Through KPIT, it is hoped that Indonesia will become more advanced and independent.
This is in accordance with the vision of national development in the 2005-2025 RPJPN in RI
Law Number 17 of 2007 namely an Indonesia that is independent, advanced, just and
prosperous. Apart from that, defense cooperation between Indonesia and China also supports
eight long-term national development missions, in particular the second mission, to create a
competitive nation; the fourth mission to make Indonesia safe, peaceful and united; and the
seventh mission is to make Indonesia an archipelagic nation that is independent, advanced,
strong and based on national interests (Storey, 2012).
Therefore, researchers are very interested in conducting research to analyze the
implications of defense cooperation between the Indonesian government and the PRC
government for military preparedness in Indonesia (Storey, 2012). The researcher will conduct
an analysis of the performance of the defense cooperation between the Indonesian government
and the PRC government by taking into account the content or context, so that it is hoped that
it can reveal the benefits for the Indonesian nation, especially in increasing military
preparedness. The analysis begins by evaluating its implementation, level of success and
benefits, followed by analysis of the role of environmental conditions affecting the
implementation of the defense cooperation policy program between the Indonesian government
and the PRC government and on military preparedness in Indonesia (Rahnefeld et al., 2014).
This research will analyze programs related to policies and concerning the public area.
The type of social intervention intended in this study is the KPIT policy. Thus, this research
will evaluate the defense cooperation policy in accordance with the policy agreement between
the Indonesian government and the Chinese government on activity cooperation in the defense
sector which was signed on November 7, 2007 (Primawanti & Pangestu, 2020).
The research design uses a time series data approach and qualitative evaluation. In this
study, researchers first observed the implementation of the KPIT policy signed in 2007.
Observations were made of the development of various activities of Indonesia-China defense
cooperation and the results of an analysis of their outputs and impacts. Observations and
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analyzes were carried out on written documents at the offices of the Ministry of Defense and
TNI Headquarters and their staff as well as in the mass media and the results of questionnaires
on TNI soldiers who had participated in joint activities with China (Jütersonke, 2010).
Primary and secondary data obtained through data collection techniques, were analyzed
quantitatively and qualitatively for accurate and in-depth interpretation. The relationship
between variables is based on the results of the synthesis of the respondents collected from
surveys and discussions. In this study, the population was divided based on their role in the
KPIT, namely as actors or organizers or executors. Actors are people and or officials who
participate or are directly involved in the five activities (Hazen, Drotar, & Kodish, 2007).
The method used in data analysis is an unequal mix of methods. Quantitative analysis is
used by researchers to emphasize the policy implications of the output, namely military
preparedness. Qualitative analysis was carried out using an interactive analytical model from
Miles & Huberman as suggested by Denzin and Lincoln (2009:592) (Sudiyono, 2017).
METHOD RESEARCH
This research will analyze programs related to policies and concerning the public area.
The type of social intervention intended in this study is the KPIT policy. Thus, this research
will evaluate the defense cooperation policy in accordance with the policy agreement between
the Indonesian government and the Chinese government on activity cooperation in the defense
sector which was signed on November 7, 2007 (Hazen et al., 2007).
The research design uses a time series data approach and qualitative evaluation. In this
study, researchers first observed the implementation of the KPIT policy signed in 2007.
Observations were made of the development of various activities of Indonesia-China defense
cooperation and the results of an analysis of their outputs and impacts. Observations and
analyzes were carried out on written documents at the offices of the Ministry of Defense and
TNI Headquarters and their staff as well as in the mass media and the results of questionnaires
on TNI soldiers who had participated in joint activities with China (de Castro et al., 2011).
Primary and secondary data obtained through data collection techniques, were analyzed
quantitatively and qualitatively for accurate and in-depth interpretation. The relationship
between variables is based on the results of the synthesis of the respondents collected from
surveys and discussions. In this study, the population was divided based on their role in the
KPIT, namely as actors or organizers or executors. Actors are people and or officials who
participate or are directly involved in the five activities (Hazen et al., 2007).
The method used in data analysis is an unequal mix of methods. Quantitative analysis is
used by researchers to emphasize the policy implications of the output, namely military
preparedness. Qualitative analysis was carried out using an interactive analytical model from
Miles & Huberman as suggested by (Sudiyono, 2017).
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Indonesian Defense Cooperation Policy
Implementing defense cooperation, basically aims to fulfill national goals and interests,
especially in the fields of defense, regional stability, and world peace. This is as conveyed by
(Swastanto et al., 2018), that:
"Defense cooperation, both within a bilateral and multilateral framework, has the
objective of ensuring the achievement of defense objectives and the fulfillment of national
interests, meeting the needs for building defense capabilities, jointly promoting regional peace,
stability and prosperity and making an active contribution in maintaining international peace
and stability."
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Defense cooperation agreements are carried out by referring to national interests and the
principles of equality and mutual benefit. This is in accordance with (Swastanto et al., 2018) at
the main points of the defense cooperation policy are carried out in accordance with a free and
active foreign policy framework and do not lead to the formation of a defense pact. Defense
cooperation is carried out based on three basic principles, namely equality of position and
mutual benefit, mutual respect and non-interference in domestic affairs. This is in accordance
with Law Number 24 of 2000 article 4 paragraph 2 that:
"In making international agreements, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia is
guided by national interests and based on the principles of equality, mutual benefit, and
attention to both applicable national law and international law."
Education and training will also become one of the activities if defense cooperation is
carried out with other countries. Even so, cooperative activities must still be based on
government policy. This is in accordance with what is mandated in Law Number 34 of 2004
dated October 16, 2004 concerning the TNI article 70 that:
"paragraph 2: Foreign relations and cooperation are carried out in the framework of
operational tasks, technical cooperation, as well as education and training."
“paragraph 3: Relations and cooperation at home and abroad as referred to in paragraph
(2) are carried out based on government policies in the field of national defense.According to
the 2014 Defense White Paper (Swastanto et al., 2018), the priority for defense cooperation is
to build communication and cooperation not only with countries bordering Indonesia to ensure
the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia, but also with key countries
in the region. as well as outside the region in order to build national defense capacity, including
for the benefit of the Indonesian defense industry (Budiman, 2021).
Defense cooperation relations between Indonesia and European Union member countries
according to Istu (2015: 6), are carried out covering the fields of education and training,
purchasing military equipment, and technology transfer. In this regard, Indonesia has signed
memorandums of understanding and agreements with countries that have advantages in the
field of defense technology, including Germany, Britain, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain
and several Eastern European countries. Indonesia continues to maintain cooperative relations
in the defense sector with several European Union member countries and in the future it will
be more directed to the interests of technology transfer and the defense industry.Defense
cooperation relations between Indonesia and European Union member countries according to
Istu (2015: 6), are carried out covering the fields of education and training, purchasing military
equipment, and technology transfer (Brandão et al., 2013).
In this regard, Indonesia has signed memorandums of understanding and agreements with
countries that have advantages in the field of defense technology, including Germany, Britain,
France, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain and several Eastern European countries (Afessa, Tefferi,
Dunn, Litzow, & Peters, 2003). Indonesia continues to maintain cooperative relations in the
defense sector with several European Union member countries and in the future it will be more
directed to the interests of technology transfer and the defense industry (Acharya, 1991).
B. The Dynamics Underlying the 2007 KPIT Approval Developments in the South China
Sea
The South China Sea is a body of waters located in the Pacific Ocean region, stretching
from Singapore and the Malacca Straits in the southwest to the Taiwan Strait in the northeast.
This area includes more than 200 islets, rocks and reefs, most of which are in the Paracel and
Spratly Islands chain. According to Director General Strahan (2013: 10), geographically, the
South China Sea region is surrounded by ten countries with coasts, namely China, Taiwan,
Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei Darussalam and the
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Philippines, as well as countries without shores, namely Laos, also the dependent territory,
namely Macau.
According to (Brandão et al., 2013), the potential for conflict in the South China Sea is
at least influenced by the large amount of natural resources owned, the large number of
international sea lanes crossings, and being contested by many countries. South China Sea. In
addition to the abundance of natural resources, the South China Sea is also a passageway for
international ships, so that it becomes an area where stability and security are urgently needed.
These two things have made the South China Sea a subject of struggle by several countries that
have a desire to exercise control over the area. This is mainly due to the imbalance in economic
growth between Asia and the developing countries. As stated by Roza, R., et al. (2013:10-12),
that. "Economic growth in Asia, especially China, is increasing rapidly, while economic growth
in Europe and the United States is declining."
The increasingly complicated conflict was also caused by the actions of the claimant
countries to name the South China Sea by another name. In the midst of conflict tensions, even
according to a report by The Global Review quoted by (de Castro et al., 2011), the Philippines
named these waters the West Philippine Sea. This naming was conveyed by the Spokesperson
for the President of the Philippines, Edwin Lacierda. Not only the Philippines, Vietnam also
named the region the East Sea
The dispute heated by the statements of the officials of the claimant countries deserves
attention. In addition, the claimant countries also accuse each other of the incident that
occurred. Disputes at times can develop into open conflicts if not managed properly. The
following is a map of the disputed South China Sea area as shown in Figure 1
Figure 1
Map of the Disputed Areas of the South China Sea Region
(Source: Kurnia (2014:3)
According to Kurnia (2014:4-9), China is a country whose power is strengthening in the
world political constellation. In this conflict, China is dealing with ASEAN member countries.
Of course, China also has national interests related to this region. The South China Sea dispute
which involves major countries certainly affects the political condition of this region. Each
country in conflict has certain national interests. This conflict involving ASEAN member
countries will also have an impact on Indonesia as an ASEAN member country.
C. The interests of Indonesia and China
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Security stability in the South China Sea region is being threatened due to the conflict that is
feared to disrupt ASEAN's internal integrity. Indonesia must remain neutral in order to prevent conflict
between countries or between the government and minority groups within the country, prevent open
conflict from breaking out, and preventing the spread of conflict if open conflict occurs. Indonesia is
not involved in the South China Sea conflict, but four other ASEAN member countries. As stated by
(Winansih et al., 2016) that Indonesia still needs to maintain neutrality in the South China Sea. Indonesia
still has to safeguard its national interests by building strategic partnerships and empowering strategic
defense industries in order to gain independent capabilities in maintaining its sovereignty.
Indonesia also continues to take a neutral stance in dealing with the conflict. This neutrality can
also be utilized by placing Indonesia as a mediator as an effort to resolve disputes. Even so, Indonesia
still has interests if this conflict is resolved. Indonesia needs to protect its economic interests, especially
related to various trading activities and natural resources. Indonesia also needs to protect its interests
related to the security and integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, including the EEZ
and the continental shelf, so that Indonesia must eradicate all forms of threats, especially to state
sovereignty. In addition, Indonesia needs to protect marine resources, such as damage to ecosystems in
the event of an open conflict or war in the South China Sea.
D. 2007 KPIT Approval Signing Decision
Following up on the Strategic Partnership signed in Jakarta on 25 April 2005, President
Yudhoyono made a reciprocal visit to China. On this occasion, President Yudhoyono said that one of
his visits to China on 27-30 July 2005 was aimed at conducting cooperation in the field of defense and
military technology. Apart from that, President Yudhoyono also said that Indonesia would buy, then
develop, technology that could not be made in Indonesia. Meanwhile, rockets and missiles are
technologies that will be adopted from China because this technology is considered to be developing
rapidly in China. This is in line with the RPJMN 2004-2009 and RPJMN 2009-2014 (Section II.7 – 8)
that in the international military cooperation program, Indonesia's defense cooperation with European
countries, Australia, China and Russia will be increased. Cooperation with these countries is primarily
carried out in terms of military training assistance and procurement of TNI equipment.
President Yudhoyono's visit was followed up by intensive meetings between Indonesia-China
officials to look for possibilities for developing cooperation in the field of defense. In April 2006, in a
report by the Legal Bureau of the Indonesian Ministry of Defense. (Wicaksono et al., 2009), Chinese
representatives submitted a draft Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of National
Defense of the Republic of the People's Republic of China and the Ministry of Defense, Republic of
Indonesia on Bilateral Defense Operations to the Director of International Cooperation, Directorate
General of Defense Strategy Republic of Indonesia Ministry of Defence. The draft was then discussed
with the two countries on 12 May 2006 in Jakarta during a Defense Consultation Forum between the
Secretary General of the Indonesian Defense Ministry Lt. The meeting resulted in an agreement that the
draft was being studied by the Indonesian side which would then be discussed at the interdepartmental
level for a counterdraft.
E. Regulatory Actions Implementation Rules
As stated by (Afessa et al., 2003) that regulative actions are actions designed to ensure
compliance with certain standards or procedures such as a Controlling Agency or a Supervisory
Agency. Here it appears how important the existence of standards or
procedures that must be followed for policy action to be effective. Thus, to carry out each activity, so
that the resulting output is as desired, rules are needed in the form of procedures in the implementation
process.
F. Dissemination of Implementation Rules
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Dissemination of implementation rules as part of regulative actions is carried out so that various
implementation rules or procedures can be understood and to be obeyed. As stated by Dunn (2003: 514)
that regulative actions are actions designed to guarantee compliance with certain standards or
procedures such as the Controlling Agency or the Oversight Body. With regard to Indonesia-China
defense cooperation activities, the Ministry of Defense has socialized the rules and procedures to the
perpetrators of the activities. This is done so that the various rules are known, understood and
implemented as planned. This is also the case at the executive level, that various rules and procedures
have been socialized. Dissemination of rules and procedures is carried out through preparatory meetings
before the implementation of activities between implementers and participants. This is in accordance
with the results of the interview conveyed by B (2014) that, "the rules for implementing defense
cooperation activities have been socialized through preparatory meetings."
Implementation rules and procedures need to be properly controlled as part of regulatory actions,
so that actors can comply according to these procedures. As stated by Dunn (2003: 514) that regulative
actions are actions designed to ensure compliance with certain standards or procedures such as the
Controlling Agency or the Oversight Body.
Indonesia's defense cooperation activities with China, various efforts have been made to control
its activities, so as not to deviate from the predetermined plan. This is in accordance with the results of
an interview with B (2014) that "in the implementation of the SSLN to China, there was control carried
out by the Deputy for Education and the Inspectorate." The same thing was conveyed by A (2014)
during the interview that,
The results of interviews with H (2014), explained that control is carried out by the Unit
Commander and his staff. In accordance with his statement that, coordination is always carried out and
continues to follow its implementation, and he is assisted by an Operations Officer staff, namely M.
Control is also carried out directly from TNI Headquarters and Forces Headquarters. The same was
conveyed by I in an interview (2014) which stated that, there was control when the contingent departed,
namely the organizers. These organizers include observers and supervisors from both the TNI
Headquarters and the Headquarters of each force.
Appointment of officials is part of allocative action as a resource needed in policy
implementation. As stated by (Afessa et al., 2003) that allocative actions are actions that require input
in the form of money, time, personnel and tools. With regard to the implementation of Indonesia's
defense cooperation with China, what is meant by officials as executors of activities are personnel who
are given the task so that various activities can be carried out.
The defense cooperation activities carried out have appointed a special official to handle them.
At the Ministry of Defense level, the implementation of defense cooperation is carried out by the
Directorate of International Cooperation. Activities related to bilateral cooperation are carried out by
the Head of Sub-Directorate for Bilateral Cooperation. In particular, defense cooperation between
Indonesia and China is carried out by the Head of the East Asia Section. This is also in accordance with
what was conveyed by A in an interview (2014) which said that implementing officials did exist, namely
the Directorate General of Operations and their staff at the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of
Indonesia.
G. Programming and Budgeting
Programs and budgets as part of allocative action are one of the resources needed to implement
a policy. This is as stated by (Afessa et al., 2003) that allocative actions are actions that require input in
the form of money, time, personnel and tools. With regard to defense cooperation activities, programs
and budgets are plans that are arranged systematically, covering all activities to be carried out and
expressed in monetary units.
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The plan for implementing activities in the framework of implementing defense cooperation
between Indonesia and China has been well prepared, supplemented by the appropriate budget allocated
by the government through the state budget. The budget for international cooperation in the field of
defense of the Ministry of Defense, is compiled into personnel expenditures, goods expenditures both
operational and non-operational and capital expenditures. This is in accordance with the Work Program
Report which is prepared annually, has detailed the planning of activities with the realization of the
implementation of the budget, as shown in table 1.
Table 1
Ministry of Defense International Cooperation Budget Allocation
No.
Tahun
Alokasi (Rp)
Penyerapan (Rp)
%
1.
2008
6.643.234.000
6.091.458.800
91,69
2.
2009
3.922.714.550
1.959.557.500
49,95
3.
2010
24.078.217.000
21.428.725.507
88,99
4.
2011
4.400.088.000
4.227.677.500
96,08
5.
2012
7.554.480.000
7.521.475.533
99,56
6.
2013
33.693.597.000
32.536.724.535
96,57
Jumlah
80.292.330.550
73.765.619.375
91,87
The budget used in cooperative activities with China is felt to be sufficient by actors in the field.
As J (2014), K (2014), E (2014), N (2015), M (2015), B (2014) and H (2015) in interviews stated a
number of things which are essentially aligned, namely that the budget from the TNI Headquarters or
the state and the budget used in training for carrying out the training is sufficient. The budget required
is sufficient, even for the transportation of all troops using airlines. This is different from the previous
year's exercise which used the Indonesian Air Force's Hercules aircraft.
H. Institutional Information Exchange Activities
The Government of Indonesia through the Ministry of Defense has annually prepared an activity
plan and budget requirements for carrying out cooperation activities with China that are submitted
through the State Budget. Planned activities include holding various meetings between Indonesian and
Chinese defense officials. Information exchange activities in the institutional field are planned with the
aim of exchanging institutional information and defense issues. This is as stated in the Agreement
Document (2007) that activities in the field of exchange of institutional information are activities of
exchanging institutional information and defense issues including organization, doctrine and policies.
I. Cooperation Activities in the Field of Education and Training
Activities in the field of education and training within the framework of defense cooperation with
China are carried out through professional education and training. This is as stated in the Agreement
Text (2007) that activities in the field of education and training are carried out through exchanges of
officials in the context of professional education and training, mutual visits and joint research have been
carried out by the two countries. It is hoped that the implementation of education and training activities
for Indonesian defense personnel in China will add to and even increase insight for actors to increase
military preparedness. Strategically, after attending education in China, they will obtain information
about defense equipment, strategic studies on military strategy issues, and be able to improve the quality
of military personnel.
Based on the results of the research, it can be stated that first, the types of education and training
in China attended by Indonesia averaged 7.67 per year or less than 8 types. Second, compared to the
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types of education and training in all friendly countries, the type of education followed in China reaches
4.10 percent. Third, the implementation of education and training in China can be initiated by an
invitation from China or also based on a request from a work unit (satker).
J. Scientific and Technological Data Exchange Activities
The exchange of scientific and technological data is one of the fields of defense cooperation
activities between Indonesia and China which is intended for experts and trainers in seminars, dialogues
and other activities. This is as stated in the Agreement Agreement signed in 2007, that the form of
activity carried out is related to the exchange of scientific and technological data, experts, technicians,
trainers and other forms of technical cooperation.
Based on the results of observations made by researchers, it can be stated that first, the activities
of seminars, dialogues, meetings, meetings and others in China are attended by Indonesia on average
per year 1.78 or less than 2 activities . Second, compared to the activities of seminars, dialogues,
meetings, gatherings and others in all friendly countries, the activities participated in in China reached
5.43 percent. Third, the implementation of seminars, dialogues, meetings, gatherings and others in
China can be initiated by an invitation from China or also based on a request from a work unit (satker).
K. Defense Industry Cooperation Activities
Defense industry cooperation between the Indonesian government and the Chinese government
is a collaborative activity carried out between institutions for the common good. As the Agreement Text
(2007) states, cooperation in the defense industry sector is carried out through cooperation between
institutions in the field of defense technology and industry of the two countries. This is done for mutual
benefit and interests, including technology exchange, technical assistance, training, provision of defense
equipment and joint production (Storey, 2012).
Exploration of cooperation was carried out by Indonesia (Republic of Indonesia's Ministry of
Defence, 2014: 128) by sending a delegation to China from 31 August to 2 September 2005. The
delegation team held talks with one of the Chinese companies engaged in the defense equipment sector,
namely Norinco. The talks are expected to result in an agreement for the procurement and transfer of
defense equipment technology, especially TNI combat vehicles. This commitment to cooperation in the
fields of technology and the defense industry was enhanced through the visit of the Chinese Minister of
Defense to Indonesia in 2008.
In 2010, SASTIND in the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia (2014: 129)
(Budiman, 2021) has offered to procure military equipment within the Governement to Government
framework. Procurement of military equipment is also accompanied by technology transfer involving
assembly, modification, control systems, simulation programs, operator training and maintenance. On
this occasion, SASTIND also offered joint production and marketing of certain military equipment
within and outside the two countries.
Defense industry bilateral consultations between the Indonesian government and the Chinese
government were held in Jakarta on 21-24 March 2011. From China, General Ma Xiaotian, Deputy
Chief of the General Staff of the People's Liberation Army and Mr. Chen Quifa, Chief of State
Administration for National Defense (SASTIND). Prior to the implementation of the consultation forum
(Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia, 2014: 139), the two officials from China had the
opportunity to pay a courtesy visit to the Minister of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia. At the
consultation event, the Indonesian delegation was led by the Deputy Minister of Defense of the Republic
of Indonesia, Mr. Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin, while the Chinese delegation was led by General (AF) Ma
Xiaotian, Deputy Chief of General Staff of the PLA of China. Members of the Indonesian Delegation
consisted of the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the TNI Headquarters and the
Armed Forces Headquarters (Acharya, 1991).
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Among the results achieved in the implementation of the consultations were the first (Primawanti
& Pangestu, 2020), the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Defense
of the Republic of Indonesia and the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for the
National Defense of the People's Republic of China on Defense Industry Cooperation, on March 22,
2011. Secondly (Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia, 2014:139), the signing of the Letter
of Intent for Development and Production Cooperation of Anti Ship Sea Defense of Weapon System
between the Ministry of Defense of The Republic of Indonesia and The State Administration os Science,
Technology and Industry for National Defense of the People's Republic of China, on March 22, 2011.
With the signing of the two agreements, it is hoped that Indonesia can develop the Defense Industry as
planned. On another occasion, the officials from China also attended the Asia Pacific defense and
security exhibition.
Mutually beneficial cooperation in the defense industry continues to be enhanced by the
Indonesian government and the Chinese government. That was according to the Indonesian Ministry of
(Rahnefeld et al., 2014) which became a serious discussion at the meeting between the delegation of
the Indonesian Ministry of Defense led by the Minister of Defense Purnomo Yusgiantoro and the
delegation of the Chinese Ministry of Defense in Beijing on 19-21 February 2012. The two delegations
have agreed on cooperation in the field of defense industry which mutually beneficial.
On the sidelines of the meeting, Minister of Defense Purnomo (Sidik, 2021), then visited two
Chinese defense industrial complexes, namely the Aerospace Long-March International Trade (ALIT)
and the Third Academy of China National Precision Machinery Import and Export Corporation
(CPMIEC) . The two companies are concerned with the C-705 missile manufacturing complex and
facility, which is the center for surface-to-surface, surface-to-air and air-surface missile (missile)
production.
The Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia (2014: 130) notes that currently Indonesia
is already using defense equipment made in China. Indonesia has purchased C-802 missiles for the
Indonesian Navy, QW (Qian Wei)-3 for the Indonesian Air Force Paskhas and also the T-2000. The C-
802 missile is an arsenal that was widely used by the Indonesian Navy in joint TNI exercises on June
1-20 2008. The paraffin-fueled missile has a range of up to 170 kilometers and is capable of avoiding
enemy radar range and is equipped with an anti-jamming device. Currently, the C-802 and C-705
missiles have been attached to several KRIs, while joint production is in the process of being finalized.
Based on the results of observations made by researchers, it can be stated that first, cooperation
in the defense industry sector has been carried out intensively. Second, Indonesia has received
additional defense equipment from China, namely the C-802 and C-705 missiles for the Indonesian
Navy, QW (Qianwei)-3 and T-2000 for the Special Forces of the Indonesian Air Force and the
Indonesian Army which has operated the Giant Bow System (SGB)-I. . Third, an assessment is being
made of the DECI program, GCI Radar Project, SEWACO KCR 60, UAV Mission System, PGB
Project and AA Gun. Fourth, in addition to procuring military equipment, transfer of technology is also
carried out which includes assembling, testing, maintenance, modification, upgrading and training.
Fifth, there has been joint production and development of certain military equipment, joint marketing
of military equipment within and/or outside of their respective countries.
Based on the results of the research, it can be argued that firstly, the two countries have carried
out routine and programmed defense exercises since 2011. Second, the two countries have involved
their respective elite forces. Third, individual training materials include precise shooting, reaction
shooting 1 to 4, room invasion (tyre housing), close combat techniques (PJD), method of entry (MoE),
fastroping, refling, military self-defense, obstacle courses, techniques and tactics. hostage release, static
and free fall dives, as well as case studies on terrorism. Fourth, as a unit the participants have carried
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out training on counter-terrorism operations and hostage rescue and how to respond to terrorist
organizations that have taken hostages. Fifth, the participants had the opportunity to carry out joint
sports and cultural exchanges.
From various information in the research, it can be said that first, the participants gained
additional insights about defense equipment, military strategy and additional skills. Second, the joint
military exercise between Indonesia and China which was carried out was a joint exercise by elite
troops. Third, the mechanism for implementing the exercise begins with coordination between high-
ranking defense officials of the two countries, which is then carried out by units.
The benefits of KPIT for individual preparedness were analyzed based on the perceptions of
respondents after participating in cooperative activities with China and statements from implementers
and experts both through interviews and FGDs. As stated by (Jütersonke, 2010), an analysis was carried
out on indicators of mastery of defense equipment technology, military leadership strategy and capacity
of military personnel. Because the KPIT is implemented in five activities, an analysis is carried out on
each indicator related to the activities carried out (Venkatesh Mane et al., 2015).
First, the benefits of KPIT for individual preparedness indicators of mastery of military
technology are analyzed for each activity. The analysis was carried out based on the respondents'
perceptions or interview results, or the opinions of experts through FGD activities. Respondents'
perceptions of the benefits of KPIT for individual alertness indicators of mastery of defense equipment
technology are in accordance with Appendix 1 can be conveyed as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2
Percentage of KPIT Benefits for Individual Alertness
Military Technology Mastery Indicator
The benefits of KPIT for individual readiness indicators of mastery of military technology in
scientific and technological data exchange activities, seen from the perceptions of respondents, it can
be described that as many as 94 respondents or 98.9 percent of the total 95 people agreed. This
percentage is in accordance with table 3.2. It can be seen that the activity of exchanging data and
information on technology and defense has a very large level of benefits for individual alertness through
increasing mastery of defense equipment technology.
The results of the analysis of KPIT activities on the three indicators can be illustrated that first,
KPIT activities have very little implications for military preparedness as an indicator of increasing
mastery of military technology, namely with an implication percentage of 6.7 percent. Second, KPIT
activities also have very little impact on military preparedness as an indicator of increasing military
leadership strategies, with an implication percentage of 8.8 percent. Third, KPIT activities have little
impact on military readiness as an indicator of increasing the capacity of military personnel, with an
implication percentage of 36.1 percent. Thus it can be said that first, KPIT activities have very little
implications for military preparedness in Indonesia, with an implication percentage of 17.06 percent.
0
20
40
60
80
100
93,7
94,7
98,9
96,9
100
96,84
Bermanfaat
Ragu-2
Tidak Bermanfaat
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Second, among the three indicators, it turns out that there has been the largest increase in military
preparedness, resulting from the indicator of increasing the capacity of military personnel.
Table 2
Percentage of Implementation and Level of Implication of KPIT Activities
Against Military Alertness
No.
Indikator
Persentase Penerapan
Tingkat Implikasi
1.
Penguasaan Teknologi
Militer
6,7
Sangat Kecil
2.
Strategi Kepemimpinan
Militer
8,8
Sangat Kecil
3.
Kapasitas Personel
Militer
36,1
Kecil
Kesiagaan Militer (Rata-rata)
17,06
Sangat Kecil
CONCLUSION
After analyzing and discussing the previous chapters, the writer can draw several conclusions.
The first conclusion is that the KPIT activity policy program signed in 2007 has been implemented as
planned. The government has committed to implementing KPIT activities through two actions. First,
regulatory action has been taken. This is proven by the implementation of activity regulations, such as
implementation guidelines, technical instructions, standard operating procedures and standard operating
procedures (SOPs). The existing regulations have been well socialized to all relevant personnel, both
as executors and as actors in defense cooperation activities between Indonesia and China. The
implementation of activities has been carried out properly controlled, to comply with existing rules.
Officials related to activities are ensured to have carried out proper control and supervision, such as
from the Ministry of Defense, TNI Headquarters, Unit Officers to Leaders in carrying out activities.
Second, allocative action has been taken. This is because an official has been appointed to
manage defense cooperation activities between Indonesia and China. At the Ministry of Defense level,
it has been implemented functionally by the Directorate of International Cooperation. At the Unit level,
various officials who are directly related to activities have been appointed, such as from the Operations
Staff of the TNI Headquarters and the Operations Staff of the Units. Furthermore, proper program and
budget preparation has been carried out through the APBN. The program to be implemented has been
prepared based on the Ministry/Institution Activity Plan and Budget (RKA-KL) with the available
Budget and Activity Items (MAK). The budget prepared has been felt to be sufficient for the needs
required in the field. In addition, all activities within the framework of KPIT have been carried out
properly according to the mutually agreed scope.
The government continues to improve the quality and quantity of defense cooperation with
China. This can be seen from the increase in the number of activities and the amount of budget
allocated in carrying out international cooperation activities in the field of defense. At the unit level,
joint military exercises between the two countries have been routinely carried out between special
forces in Indonesia and in China. In the field of defense industry, the two countries have also increased
cooperation by exploring the possibility of carrying out joint production.
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