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JOSS :

Journal of Social Science

STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS AND PREFERENCES REGARDING MORAL

REASONING THROUGH ONLINE COUNSELING: A SYSTEMATIC STUDY

Achmad Dzikri Fanshabi

, Dede Rahmat Hidayat

Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia

E-mail: [email protected].id

KEYWORDS

Perceptions and

Preferences, Online

counseling, Moral

reasoning

ABSTRACT

The level of moral reasoning is very important for children to influence

ethics. A student's moral reasoning can increase the desire to apply good

morals to students. This study discusses online counseling to improve moral

reasoning. The purpose of this study was to explain students' perceptions

and preferences for online counseling services to help improve moral

reasoning. The systematic review was carried out by the Systematic Review

and Meta Analysis (PRISMA) approach. Initially there were 80 articles

from three databases as follows: PubMed (6 articles), CINAHL (71 articles),

and SINTA (3 articles). After reading the title and abstract, 72 articles were

eliminated because the title was not in accordance with the purpose of the

study, and one abstract was irrelevant in content. So, six articles (five

articles in the Indonesian context and one article in the Malaysian context)

were analyzed.

INTRODUCTION

Moral problems that occur among children are indeed very worrying, moral education is

an important component for students for good decision making. Because students are expected

to continue the struggle for truth, justice and peace in the future. Moral reasoning is a set of

abstract concepts that students can examine and evaluate through discussions at school.

Although the main mission of the school is to improve academic achievement, the school also

needs to improve character development, with this can avoid moral deviations.

According to (Faturohman & Suryapermana, 2022) the recommended learning model for

aqidah subjects is a moral reasoning learning model, because this model requires students to

find and solve problems and is associated with attitude making in everyday life. With this

ability, it is hoped that students will be able to improve their learning results and be able to

think broadly and critically in taking attitudes in everyday life. Kohlberg (1976) argues that

higher levels of moral reasoning reflect more adequate ways of resolving moral deception of

conflict and are thus associated with moral action.

Moral reasoning is essential for schools to apply in order to achieve becoming educated

citizens so as to engage in service to society by applying kindness. The implementation of the

term moral is closely related to daily habits. To give an understanding of moral reasoning or

moral learning to others requires continuous practice and practice so that it can become a habit.

Morality that becomes a good character begins with experience or knowledge of goodness, then

the desire to practice by doing good and finally doing good. Therefore, learning morality in

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students needs practice and direction to be able to assess the good and bad of an action.

According to (Afriani, 2021), To achieve the desired goals effectively and efficiently in

learning, a learning approach is needed, one of which is the Moral Reasoning method. This

method trains students to get critical thinking weighing between the right and the vanity in

accordance with the values of the Qur'an, solve life problems based on faith, and involve

spiritual and human elements (humanity) in behaving and making decisions, so that students

will find a strong religious in themselves.

Online Counseling

Research increasingly shows that the prevalence and severity of problems are reported

by students, Based on the article of (Sangiba et al., 2022). Analysis of systems that run on

conventional processes to conduct counseling. The process for counseling cannot be done

anytime and anywhere. To solve these problems, a system is made that can help in counseling

anywhere and anytime without having to go to a counseling place. The proposed System

Design is a user process for counseling through a created application. In this system, users

will be given questionnaire questions. After answering the questionnaire, the system will

provide an assessment in the form of a score that measures the user's health stress level. Then

users can conduct counseling with the counselor by contacting the counselor from the contact

provided on the application.

Education always prioritizes or utilizes technological sophistication, especially for

counseling guidance activities in schools. In the past, counseling was defined as face-to-face

interaction between a counselor and clients directly. With the development of technology, this

counseling activity can be done via the internet without having to meet face-to-face, so that

counseling activities are no longer bound by place and time to be able to see the problems

experienced by students.

According to (Wong et al., 2018) in their article although traditional face-to-face

counseling is the preferred method by most professionals, most of those who can benefit from

counseling services are not actually looking for it. The study looked at students' preference

for face-to-face vs. online counselling and found that most students in Malaysia prefer to

receive mental health counselling online. Given the lack of overall utilization of counseling

services, there is an opinion that the delivery of counseling services online should be

considered as an alternative way to reach many people who still do not receive counseling

services.

(Fadhilah et al., 2021) The presence of cyber counseling implemented in schools is an

alternative to providing counseling services for counselors. Counselors are expected to be able

to develop counseling models and develop skills possessed, especially in the IT field. This is

important so that counselors are able to provide the best service for students at school. In this

article, we will discuss the process of implementing cyber counseling services implemented

in schools.

According to (Sangiba et al., 2022), Dimas Sasongko, Purwono Hendradi, Akhmad

Liana Amrul Haq, 2022. Cyber Counseling Application as an Android-Based Online

Counseling Service Solution, which aims to realize a system to support the online counseling

process in the form of an Android smartphone mobile application. This application

development model in the process of needs analysis and system design is the Rapid

Application Development method.

Students' Perceptions And Preferences Regarding Moral

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The purpose of this study is to understand how students perceive and understand the

concept of moral reasoning and explore students' understanding of moral and ethical values

in the context of online counseling. The benefits of this research are to encourage innovation

in the field of moral education, especially by utilizing technology to achieve these goals.

METHOD RESEARCH

Researchers searched for articles on the topic of perceptions and preferences regarding

moral reasoning through online counseling in Indonesia using international databases, namely

PubMed and CINAHL plus and national databases, namely SINTA. The three databases were

chosen because of the ease of access to get complete articles, so that articles can be analyzed

in depth and detail. To browse related articles, we use bilingual keywords, namely English

and Indonesian. These keywords include: moral reasoning, cyber counselling and Indonesia.

The use of English keywords aims to get articles that may be written by international and

Indonesian researchers published in international journals or English-language journals. The

use of Indonesian keywords is because many Indonesian studies have not been disseminated

through international publications in English.

Researchers determine three main criteria in article selection. The first criterion is that the

article was published within the last 5 years (2018-2022). In that time frame, it is expected that

the content of the article is still relevant, and the reported empirical data shows an increase in

online counseling in the world. The second criterion is the research design using a qualitative

approach, and the research participants are international students who discuss online

counseling. The third criterion is that researchers do not include articles that do not explore

experiences while studying in Indonesia in this systematic analysis process.

Based on the results of article search, 80 articles were found from three databases as

follows: PubMed (6 articles), CINAHL (71 articles), and SINTA (3 articles). Furthermore, the

articles are stored in the reference management program, namely Endnote to check for

duplication of article data. The results of this examination showed one duplicate article and

eventually left to 79 articles. After reading the title and abstract, 72 articles were eliminated

because the title was not in accordance with the purpose of the study, and one abstract was

irrelevant in content. So, six articles (five articles in the Indonesian context and one article in

the Malaysian context) were analyzed. Of the six articles, there were five purely qualitative

studies and one study using a mixed method approach, but the researchers only analyzed the

results of qualitative studies. Participants in the study came from Indonesia (five articles), and

one article from Vietnam. Data collection in these studies was carried out by interview and

observation methods. This process can be seen in Diagram 1.

Analysis of articles is carried out in three stages. The first stage is reading the full article

and understanding the content of all articles. The second stage is to extract the reading results

and summarize them in the form of a table. Table 1 presents information about the title and

author, research objectives, place of research, type of research, research sample, data collection

methods and summary of research results. In the third stage, researchers analyze the similarities

and differences in each article content, and conclude the findings in the form of categories. The

results of the analysis identified four aspects of adaptation experienced by students in Indonesia.

Complete findings are written in the findings and discussion section.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results

There are six articles that the author found about online counseling, including the article

(Sangiba et al., 2022). With the title Cyber Counseling Application as an Android-Based

Online Counseling Service Solution. In his research, he revealed that the results of testing using

the blackbox testing method showed that the features in the Cyber Counseling Application had

run well and were acceptable. From the results of the implementation by entering the

application into the Play Store can provide convenience to users who will install and utilize the

Cyber Counseling Application using smartphones or other mobile-based gadgets. This can help

students who can have difficulty capturing information related to problems that befall them so

that they have difficulty in retrieval or good moral reasoning.

Researchers observed students' perceptions and preferences relative and the likelihood

of being able to utilize online counseling services compared to face-to-face counseling services

among learners. Now increasingly considered a cost-effective and highly accessible way to

examine the potential of online delivery as a way to improve overall service usage, researchers

have come to an idea of students' attitudes toward and likelihood of using online and/or face-

to-face counseling. A survey of 409 students from six universities in Malaysia participated.

About 35% of participants reported that they would most likely utilize online counseling

services but were less likely to participate in face-to-face counseling. Based on these results it

is suggested to offer online counseling, in addition to face-to-face services, can be an effective

way for many school counseling centers to improve the utilization of their services and thus

better serve learners.

As applied by the article (Fadhilah et al., 2021). With the title Cyber Counseling as a

Method of Improving Guidance and Counseling Services in Schools. With the results of the

study, it is known that cyber counseling services are considered effective because they can

make it easier for counselors and students to conduct counseling that is not limited by distance

and time. Some of the ways used to conduct online counseling, including: via email, facebook,

asynchronous chat, rilv applications, video conferences, mobile phones, and websites.

Guidance counseling teachers and counselors are expected to continue to improve their ability

to use information and communication technology.

Online guidance makes it easy for every user who needs it in expressing problems in

their lives. In addition, online counseling has great potential in offering therapy and can be

done anywhere. Therefore, clients can minimize transportation costs for face-to-face

counseling. Although the results of previous research analysis show that online counseling has

weaknesses, namely the lack of knowledge and special abilities possessed by counselors in

communicating via chat and lack of skills in writing texts so that there are no

misunderstandings with online counseling users.

Discussion

In Indonesia itself, the presence of online counseling is still relatively and not so well known.

In some countries, web-chat-based online counselling is increasingly being used to provide support

and treatment to people experiencing problems with mental health, gambling, addiction, and a

variety of other issues. Several studies examining client interests and the use of online counseling

show that the general public (including students) are interested and want to try online counseling

but most people lack awareness or understanding of how online counseling works. So that students'

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perceptions and preferences using online counseling are still affordable, it can be said for previous

researchers' findings that not all schools have online counseling programs.

The term "online counseling" in this case study is defined as a service performed by a mental

health professional through various internet-assisted Modalities including email, chat (e.g. instant

messaging or chat rooms), and video conferencing. The term "text-based counseling" would be used

specifically to discuss online counseling that takes place in an email or chat modality.

In this study, discussing the moral reasoning method is a method designed so that taxonomic

intellectual exchanges occur in finding solutions to a problem, or it can be said that the moral

reasoning model is how to develop discovery processing skills, so that students are able to freely

and creatively analyze facts and concepts and relate to the necessary attitudes and values. In the

learning process students are not only required to know and memorize what they learn, but they also

have to understand and be able to practice their daily lives which are the results of what they learn.

Researchers will recommend to improve student morale well is a moral reasoning learning

model, because this

model requires students to find and solve problems and is associated in

taking attitudes in everyday life, With that ability it is expected that students are able to improve

their learning results and be able to think broadly and critically in taking attitudes in everyday

life. Researchers consider that this moral reasoning must be applied in everyday life that

becomes accustomed to doing good things. Because it is needed to become a habit, the

researchers suggest that each school has an aspect or method of online counseling-based

applications to make it easier for students to still be able to interact in determining good

decision making, after this application is running researchers suggest using counseling with

individual guidance techniques.

CONCLUSION

Online counseling is important for students experiencing problems outside of school and

to make good decisions will reinforce moral reasoning methods, but before choosing to offer

services online, it is important for school counseling centers to consider possible delivery

methods, understand which students are most likely to use such support, and identify potential

barriers to implementing online services.

Finally, information can also be obtained from counselors in their field and clients who

use online counseling. Online moral reasoning is still in the development stage of trial and error

and many questions remain. However, some promising research shows great moral reasoning

and shows that online counseling is finding its place in the field of moral reasoning.

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Achmad Dzikri Fanshabi

, Dede Rahmat Hidayat

(2023)

First publication right:

JoSS - Journal of Social Science

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