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JOSS :

Journal of Social Science

DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN URBAN FARMING-

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is an agricultural country rich in natural resources, and the development of the

agricultural sector has an important role in improving people's welfare. The role of the

agricultural sector in national economic development is very important, considering that most

of the livelihoods of the Indonesian population depend on the agricultural sector. The level of

economic development is one of the benchmarks or references to measure the status of

economic development of a region. But economic development is not only reflected in the

economic progress achieved by a country, and not only in the broader perspective of

development. Climate conditions and natural resources that support agriculture in Indonesia

are progressing.

According to agricultural data and information systems by the, the agricultural sector in

Indonesia has experienced significant growth and contributed greatly to the national economy.

In 2021, the growth of the agricultural sector was around 1.84 percent and its share in the

national economy reached 13.28 percent. In mid-2020, the agricultural sector also showed

agricultural development is to improve the welfare of farmers through increasing agricultural

yields and incomes. Agriculture is usually synonymous with the countryside, because the

supply of arable land is quite large, unlike in cities. Over time, agricultural activities are carried

out by people in urban areas. Agricultural activities in urban areas are known as urban farming.

Urban agriculture is used as a solution to global challenges caused by population growth in

urban areas and climate change, to meet food needs and improve the well-being of urban

communities (Frayne et al., 2014).

Every year agricultural land becomes a settlement, which is a logical consequence of

increased activity and population, as well as other development processes. Population growth

is an increasing human population, causing the carrying capacity of urban areas to be unable

less and less undeveloped agricultural land.

The phenomenon of urban farming has been done a lot in various cities that have a fairly

dense population supported by the city government, especially DKI Jakarta. In the presence of

Gubernatorial Regulation No.144/2018 about Plant Management of the Typical Archipelago

of Jakarta and Gubernatorial Instruction No.14/2018 on the Implementation of Urban

Agriculture, This shows that the city government supports activities urban farming, with the

use of narrow land and vacant land in urban areas, making land productive and can support the

realization of sustainable development. Activities of urban farming can be economically

beneficial, especially for farmer groups.

Another challenge is community empowerment to be involved in farmer groups and

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achieve goals they can't achieve on their own or have to work hard to achieve. This suggests

that communities are connected through a series of networks and have value in common with

other network members, to some extent. The network is a resource and can be said to be capital.

In this case, capital that has the potential to help the development and desire of farmer-based

groups in urban farming is social capital.

Social capital owned by farmer groups plays an important role in improving the economy

environmental. Urban farming Has a positive impact on the community that can increase

community entrepreneurship to improve community welfare and improve job training. Urban

farming also provides benefits to the availability of fresh food, improves clean and fresh air

quality, beautiful environment, increases the amount of RTH, reduces landfilling, and increases

awareness and protects the environment. This can be seen from the results of the study

(Goralnik et al., 2022), (Martin & Molin, 2019), (Mubarak et al., 2021), (Othman et al., 2018),

(Purba & Amir, 2021). Further in research (Barata et al., 2019), (Caldas & Christopoulos,

2022), (Chia, 2011), (Ding et al., 2020), (Istiyani & Handayani, 2022), (Colinas, 2017)

(Azunui, 2016), (Zaręba et al., 2021) discuss community empowerment in urban farming

Including individual participation in community organizations through collective action to

for the sustainability of urban farming business in RW 03 Cempaka Putih Timur. The benefits

of research are expected to be useful and become recommendations as well as valuable

academic and practical contributions to enrich knowledge about social capital, as a step to

increase the economy or income of farmer group members and studies for further research.

METHOD RESEARCH

This research uses a qualitative approach. Qualitative methods are methods to investigate

and understand the importance of an individual or group's understanding of social and

humanitarian problems (Creswell & Creswell, 2017)

According to (Creswell & Creswell, 2017), the qualitative research process involves

Based on its purpose, this research is a type of descriptive research that aims to provide

a detailed picture and explain a (Neuman, 2014). With this research approach, researchers can

find out more about the social capital of farmer groups in RW 03 Cempaka Putih Timur Village.

That way, it is expected to provide a comprehensive picture starting from the development

process bonding social capital, the establishment of relationships bridging social capital to

consumers, and until the intertwining linking social capital to government and private sector

development process bonds social capital in farmer-based groups in urban farming. In this

study, urban farming arises from community initiatives for greening, food availability, and

creating a clean environment. In the initial process of activity urban farming does not have a

group management structure, only based on hobbies, so the driving actors of this activity open

initial contact for negotiations with RT leaders, to establish cooperation and socialize and

invite directly. One of the prominent capitals of the activity of urban farming in RW 03

Cempaka Putih Timur is social capital. The interaction that occurs among them in forming a

farmer group structure, building close relationships with each other, increasing trust,

supporting each other, and strengthening togetherness, this illustrates bonding social capital

according to (Woolcock & Narayan, 2000), bonding social capital refers to parties who have

According to Adler & Kwon (2002), bonding social capital is a relationship between

individuals who are very emotionally close, such as friends or family, and produce strong

bonds in certain groups (Aldrich & Meyer, 2015). The relationship between individuals is

emotionally illustrated through closeness in farmer groups where the majority are family,

friends, and residents who have long lived in the area, to further strengthen these emotional

relationships the closeness of farmer groups is also illustrated by regular meetings of

members, mutual assistance, cooperation, division of tasks, mutual trust, mutual assistance,

and decision-making involvement. This is used as a means to bring fellow farmer group

members closer so that the social bonds built become strong.

First, interaction between farmer group members can support the strengthening of ties

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enthusiasm of farmer group members in carrying out urban farming activities. Not only

regular meetings but also interaction between farmer groups is also through cooperation

activities to strengthen farmer group relationships with members and communities so that

farmer group members can learn from each other and exchange information related to crop

development at each point of urban farming.

Second, cooperation between members of farmer groups with cooperation activities in

involved, so that group members have a sense of ownership and responsibility for the tasks

given. Even so, members of the farmer group still help each other. For example, members of

the farmer group in charge of sowing cannot currently sow because there is a kingdom, the

task will be assisted by other members of the farmer group. Cooperation carried out by farmer

group members can improve relationships among group members and increase the results of

urban farming.

Third, mutual trust between members of farmer groups is needed to strengthen social

relations, both trust among group members and with mobilizing actors. When individuals feel

that others are reliable and trustworthy, they tend to engage in positive interactions and share

information, knowledge, and resources. Mutual trust allows individuals to feel comfortable

role in the success and sustainability of urban farming-based farmer groups (Falangi et al.,

2020). Cohesiveness within peasant group members includes the degree of cohesion and

solidarity among group members. Farmer group members will feel close to each other and

have a close relationship, so they will be more effective together in facing various agricultural

challenges. Group members will help and support each other in daily urban farming activities,

such as seeding, maintenance, and harvesting as well as various knowledge and resources.

The cohesiveness of farmer groups can also be seen from the involvement of all group

members in decision-making. This can form and strengthen social bonds between members

and administrators of farmer groups. A transparent decision-making process will further help

build trust among farmer group members. They feel recognized and valued by group members

socialization carried out by the mobilizing actors so that there is training and practice on urban

farming in this case, especially in hydroponics. The beginning of involvement is also based

on the similarity of goals and values illustrated by urban farming activities that have an impact

on a cleaner and more beautiful environment and the empowerment of independent

communities in providing food land in their respective yards. Furthermore, the initial

involvement of farmer group members was motivated by the driving actors and the results of

Bridging Social Capital of Farmer Groups

Building process bridging social capital in the context of farmer groups in RW 03

Cempaka Putih Timur reflects efforts to build new relationships and interactions between

farmer group members and external parties who have different backgrounds. According

(Woolcock & Narayan, 2000) tobridging social capital refers to the horizontal bonds that occur

between people who have differences still essentially stemming from the same socioeconomic

status. This means bridging can encourage new forms of interaction and relationships between

marketing from visits by other farmer groups to the location of activities urban farming di RW

03 Cempaka Putih Timur.

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Bridging social capital has a collective aspect that distinguishes it from physical and

human capital. (Hooghe & Stolle, 2003) emphasize that social capital is a collective property

that involves relationships between individuals. This means further social relationships

between individuals and other individuals to benefit from these relationships. In farmer groups,

efforts to develop relationships with various external parties create mutual benefits and

resources that can be used by the group. This reinforces the view that bridging social capital is

beneficial for the development of urban farming and the overall goals of the group.

As for developing networks outward, urban farming-based farmer groups in RW 03

Cempaka Putih Timur are assisted by networks formed within the farmer groups themselves.

First, this network of driving actors in building networks to farmer groups, consumers, and

external networks greatly impacts other networks. Because this network became the initial door

to the introduction of RW 03 Cempaka Putih Timur farmer groups outside the area, many

farmer groups visited their area. From the visit of other farmer groups in RW 03 Cempaka

Putih Timur, RW 03 farmer groups used the network to share information and knowledge about

production and marketing. This opens up opportunities for other farmer groups as consumers

by interacting and continuing to establish further communication (chapter 4 p. 68). From the

other farmer groups. With this, when visiting farmer groups who have problems in urban

farming, they will share information and solutions to overcome these obstacles. In expanding

the network of farmer groups, RW 03 not only builds networks with visiting farmer groups but

also their assisted farmer groups. This was used by them when they became resource persons

to promote the products of the RW 03 Cempaka Putih Timur farmer group. Not only to groups

outside RW 03, farmer groups also build relationships with communities in RW 03, by

involving the community when harvesting and distributing the results to the community. This

has an impact on the assistance provided by each RT for initial capital every time it harvests

through RT operational money.

Third, increasing connections with consumers of RW 03 farmer groups involves

build connections with consumers who have a great involvement in supporting the

sustainability of farmer groups in RW 03, because not only as consumers they also participate

in expanding activities of urban farming, thus adding new consumer connections. Such as 6

consumers who were interviewed by researchers from several different organizational and

professional backgrounds, namely from the KPKP Office, PLN companies, Midwives of the

Cempaka Putih Health Center, School Coconut, grape cultivation communities, and RPTRA

because this will have a direct impact on the sustainability of purchasing urban farming

products, so it must remain consistent in maintaining good product quality and service.

outside groups shows the elements of social capital, namely trust. Referring to field findings,

relationships are built with deep networks bridging social capital Based on trust that can

encourage each related party to be willing to cooperate to support activities of urban farming.

This is by what was conveyed by (Lawang, 2005), trust is a relationship between parties where

in this relationship there is an expectation that the relationship is mutually beneficial through

established interactions. This can be seen from the interaction built by the RW 03 farmer group

not only as a product buying and selling transaction but also as they share knowledge about

The development of bonding social capital Between members of farmer groups has created

relationships based on trust and emotional closeness. This trust forms a solid foundation for

building relationships with consumers. Consumers tend to feel more comfortable interacting

and transacting with farmer groups that have strong ties because this reflects the honesty,

integrity, and seriousness of the group in producing products of urban farming quality.

Unlike lawing (Macionis & Gerber, 2007), says that If a group is a "collection of friends",

then the network can be described as a "social web" that extends outward, often reaching long

distances and encompassing many people. That is, relationships with members of farmer

groups can be called a collection of friends. Apart from the RW 03 farmer group, they also

have a "Social Web" that is developing. One of the social networks that developed outside the

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Timur. (Macionis & Gerber, 2007) says that network ties may be weak but can be a strong

resource (chapter 2 p. 27).

Referring to the discussion described above, it can be concluded that in bridging social

capital, farmer groups in RW 03 Cempaka Putih Timur provide extensive mutual benefits. This

is described as the exchange of information, knowledge, and other things. So that each party

gets the benefits that are used as goals, which can be in the form of resources and information

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