Joss.Al-Makkipublisher.Com/Index.Php/Js

943

JOSS :

Journal of Social Science

Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Email: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

On March 11, 2020, the WHO (World Health Organization) announced the condition

of the global Covid 19 virus pandemic worldwide (Kompas.com, March 12, 2020), which

caused several countries to close their territories and prohibit their citizens from carrying out

outdoor activities. Some community activities are restricted to prevent the spread of the virus.

This condition has had a considerable impact on several aspects of life, including tourism.

UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organization) said that there was a decrease in the

number of tourists in 2020 due to the Covid 19 pandemic which reached 850 million to 1.1

billion. According to UNWTO data, in April 2020 there was a 97% decrease in international

situation, tourism activities began to reopen with some adjustments or adaptations to new

habits. This form of adjustment and adaptation then gives rise to shifts or changes in tourist

activities and consumption patterns. (Indrianto, 2020) said that travel activities during this

pandemic have brought changes in tourist behavior related to visiting motivation, travel

duration, luggage, and activities while traveling. During this pandemic, tourists tend to be

more careful in choosing and carrying out tourist activities, especially related to the

implementation of health protocols in tourist destinations.

The policy regarding social distancing due to the pandemic encourages digital

transformation, where service activities and transactions are carried out virtually and online

as a form of adaptation to existing conditions (Arrachman, 2020). This happened due to a

information, reservation services, cashless payment services, and navigation services, so that

tourists can ensure safety and health when visiting tourist destinations.

The utilization of technology is necessary to be able to accommodate changes in tourist

behavior such as. Risk perception, reservations, and personal tour package offers are related

to adaptation in traveling during the pandemic. Conditions like this according to (Qomariyah

et al., 2020) the need for the development of information technology and internet

infrastructure is not only an attractive opportunity but a must for the industry in developing

markets in the new normal era, namely by developing an integrated e-tourism system, to

increase tourist awareness of the level of cleanliness, health, and safety at tourist attractions.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of digital tourism applications faced several

implement travel restrictions and lockdowns to control the spread of the virus, make

tourism digital applications face challenges in providing accurate and up-to-date

information on travel rules, area restrictions, and locations that are currently open or

closed.

c. Information uncertainty, the pandemic has caused information uncertainty. Rules and

tourism digital applications.

e. The digital divide, the use of tourism digital applications requires reliable internet access

and adequate electronic devices. However, not everyone has equal access to this

technology. The digital divide can prevent some people from utilizing tourism

applications in planning their trips.

f. Data security, the use of tourism applications that involve the exchange of personal or

financial information may raise concerns regarding data security. User data protection and

privacy must take precedence to prevent misuse or data breaches that harm users.

g. Limited physical experience, digital tourism applications cannot provide the same

physical experience as visiting tourist attractions directly. Users may feel less satisfied

health protocols for tourists. Seven conditions must be met by tourists who want to visit

Yogyakarta, namely, bringing a health certificate, not coming in groups, downloading and

using the Cared+Jogja application or Jogja Pass, complying with Covid-19 prevention

protocols, providing hygiene kits, using private vehicles, and buying tickets and checking in

online (idntimes.com, 2020). In its development, the government then also required the use

of the PeduliLindung application as one of the requirements to enter and move in public

spaces. (CNN Indonesia, August 27, 2021).

This study modifies two theories: the Technology Acceptance Model and the Theory

of Planned Behavior to explain this problem. Modification of the theory by combining the

Technology Acceptance Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior was used to see how the

that the application used is safe from data misuse is also a factor that affects the use of

smartphone digital applications when traveling in the new normal era. Security issues and

data misuse are some of the considerations of the public in the use of digital applications. For

government issued a policy regarding the obligation to use the application as one of the

requirements for activities in public spaces.

The integration between the theory of the Technology Acceptance Model and the

Theory of Planned Behavior by adding variables of travel risk perception and trust factors is

used because of the increasingly optimal use of smartphone digital applications as a new

form of adaptation to travel in the new normal period, namely to anticipate the spread of

Covid 19. Pandemic conditions have caused a sense of concern for tourists to carry out tourist

activities, namely being exposed to the Covid 19 virus while traveling (Komarudin, 2020).

One of the efforts to anticipate the impact of Covid 19 when traveling is carried out by

utilizing a smartphone digital application that can minimize direct physical contact.

applications is considered as one of the efforts and anticipations in preventing the spread of

Covid 19 (Iyengar et al., 2020). For tourists, the use of digital smartphone applications will

help travel activities such as information search and ticket reservations, which can be

accessed without involving physical contact, to reduce the risk of spreading Covid 19.

The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) issued Global Guidelines

to Restart Tourism on May 28, 2020. The Global Guidelines to Restart Tourism contains

guidelines, principles, and strategies for tourism recovery due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In this guide, one of the principles and strategies that need to be done as a form of adaptation

to tourism activities during this pandemic is through digital transformation, by utilizing

technology to serve and support travel activities, namely through smartphone digital

behavior in the new normal era.

METHOD RESEARCH

This research was conducted with quantitative methods to analyze and see the correlation

between variables, sample collection was carried out through the distribution of digital surveys

Trends 2018, the percentage of users of both applications is high, namely 87.05% for Traveloka

and 29.75%. For Tiket.com, Visiting Jogja was chosen as a representative of tourism

applications at the regional level. provides statistical information on the number of visitors in

a place in the format of a distribution map and identifies COVID-19 exposure conditions. The

PeduliLindungi application is used to identify conditions of exposure to COVID-19 and

vaccines, in addition, the use of the PeduliLindung application has been required by the

government for people who will visit public areas including tourist attractions. When in tourist

attractions tourists need mobility services that will take them to tourist destinations, in addition

to using public transportation facilities and private vehicles, some tourists use transportation

application services such as Gojek, Grab, or Maxim. In this study, the author chose Gojek

for PLS-SEM is as much as 30-100 sample sizes.

Given that at that time there was a COVID-19 pandemic situation, the distribution of

questionnaires was carried out using a digital survey using a Google form that could be filled

out by respondents using applications on smartphones. Respondents will get a link to fill out

the questionnaire online. The questionnaire method is used to collect primary data, namely data

on the profile of domestic tourists, consisting of the area of origin, gender, age, education, and

type of employment. Second, the opinion of domestic tourists on the use of smartphone digital

applications in tourist activities consists of two parts Technology Acceptance Model to see the

level of acceptance and use of tourist technology, and the second is the Theory of Planned

Behavior to see tourist behavior in using digital technology while traveling.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This study uses 7 variables, namely usefulness, convenience, intention, behavioral

control, subjective norm, risk, and trust, which adopt existing variables from TAM and TPB.

From the table above, it is known that the overall suitability of the model shows a value

of 51.2%, this shows that the model formed in this study as a whole has great predictive power

in explaining the relationship of exogenous constructs to endogenous constructs.

To find out and analyze the results of the significance of the structural model made in

this study, a bootstrapping procedure is used, namely by resampling again using all empirical

data or original samples (Ghozali 2015), the following are the results of bootstrapping:

Figure 1

Factors that influence the intention to use digital applications when traveling in the new

normal

The figure above shows that the results of the Bootstrap method statistically show the

value of the path coefficient of the latent construct correlation that has a significant influence

Insignificant

Convenience ->

Intent

Insignificant

Based on the table above, it can be explained that the influence of Trust on Intention has

the strongest impact, which is 0.314, this can be interpreted that the higher people's trust in the

application, the higher their intention to use the application, conversely, the lower people's trust

in the application, the intention to use will also decrease.

The trust factor or consumer trust in the use of digital applications on smartphones is a

element in technology acceptance, this is as Stated (Priyono, 2017) that trust has a significant

influence on the use of electronic wallet applications. In the Technology Acceptance Model

(TAM), intent to use is a behavioral tendency that will shape consumer decisions to use the

technology. The higher the level of consumer trust, the more confident consumers are to use

digital applications on smartphones.

The trust factor has a huge influence on the use of digital applications when traveling

during a pandemic. Here are some reasons why this trust factor is important, namely (Kumala

et al., 2020), (Pradita et al., 2021):

a. Data security and privacy, tourists can be assured that their data will be kept safe when using

digital tourism applications. They want to make sure that important and sensitive

consistent information or there are frequent errors, travelers may doubt the reliability of the

app.

c. Reputation and user reviews, trust factors are related to the reputation of the app and

previous user reviews. Travelers tend to look for reviews and testimonials from other users

before they decide to use a particular tourism digital app. If the app has good reviews and a

reputation, then tourists will be more trusting and motivated to use the app.

d. A positive user experience, travelers will feel more confident if they have a positive user

experience with a tourism digital application. Using an app that's intuitive, easy to use, and

performs well builds travelers' trust in the app. Conversely, poor user experiences, such as

system failures, navigation complexities, or technical issues, can reduce travelers' trust in

In the context of a pandemic where travelers have concerns related to health and safety,

the trust factor becomes more important. Travelers need to feel confident that tourism digital